Explaining how shoe design might help break two
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hours was tricky, says Kram,
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because while they had already completed testing on the new shoe, they couldn’t include their non-peer-reviewed data in a peer-reviewed journal. So they focused on the weight of the foam midsole, which, based on previous studies, they estimated could improve
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an athlete’s running economy by around one
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percent.“The world record at that time [2:02:57 by Kenyan Dennis Kimetto in 2014] was in the Adidas Boost shoe,” says Hoogkamer, now a professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. However, he adds, “we didn’t say you can
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make the foam
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better; we said, ‘Boost is pretty heavy, so maybe you can make it
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lighter.’”As for the Vaporfly testing itself, Kram and Hoogkamer approached it with one simple question: Was it faster?
In May of the following year, Nike provided a teaser of an answer with Breaking2,
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where Eliud Kipchoge of Kenya
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came within 25 seconds of the two-hour mark on the Formula One Autodromo Nationale track in Monza, Italy. Even unsuccessful, it was a striking improvement over Kimetto’s record, and running fans debated what was responsible for the two percent time drop—
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--the dead-flat track, the pacers, the massive car-mounted
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clock that also functioned as a draft vehicle, or the prototype shoe Kipchoge wore.Nike didn’t tell Rodger Kram and Wouter Hoogkamer much about the prototype shoe at first. “We knew it had a new foam, called Pebax,
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and they showed us
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the carbon [fiber] plate,” recalls Kram.
The exercise physiologist and longtime director of the University of Colorado Boulder’s Locomotion Lab, and Hoogkamer, then a post-doctoral researcher there, were writing a journal paper, published in March 2017, detailing
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> how an elite runner might break the
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mythical two-hour marathon barrier. One factor they detailed was shoe design, and the two had been given what would become the ZoomX Vaporfly 4% to test.As shoemakers continue to try to improve performance, and research accumulates showing
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a modest
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but undeniable benefit to next-generation materials, the
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foam wars have only gotten more heated.For now, the elastic properties of the Nike Prototype shoes provide the best explanation for the metabolic energy savings.”
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