Original Title: Comparison of Traditional and Modern Methods for Extraction of Traditional Chinese Medicine Traditional method: The traditional extraction methods of traditional Chinese medicine include water decoction, immersion, percolation, modified gelatin, reflux, solvent extraction, steam distillation and sublimation. Among them, water decoction is the most commonly used method. Solvent extraction is the most widely used method, which is based on the solubility properties of various active ingredients in Chinese herbal medicine, and selects the solvent with high solubility for the required ingredients and low solubility for other ingredients to dissolve the required active ingredients from the medicinal materials. Steam distillation is a kind of extraction method that the active ingredients in Chinese medicinal materials can be distilled with steam without being destroyed. (Mainly used for the extraction of aromatic water and volatile oil). The principle of this method is Dalton's principle: the total vapor pressure of a mixture of liquids that do not dissolve or react with each other is equal to the sum of the saturation pressures of the components at that temperature. (Although the boiling points of the components themselves are higher than the boiling point of the mixture, when the sum of the partial pressures equals atmospheric pressure, the liquid mixture begins to boil and is distilled out.) Sublimation method is a method in which a solid substance is directly changed into a vapor state after being heated and then solidified into the original solid substance after being cooled, and the operation principle of the sublimation method (such as the extraction of paeonol) is similar to that of the distillation method. Disadvantages of traditional Chinese medicine extraction methods: too much loss of active ingredients, especially water-insoluble ingredients; organic solvents may react with active ingredients in the extraction process, making them lose their original effectiveness; non-active ingredients can not be removed to the maximum extent, and the concentration rate is not high enough; in addition to active ingredients, there are often more impurities in the extract, and there are a small amount of fat-soluble ingredients, which bring disadvantages to refining; High temperature operation will cause a large amount of decomposition of heat-sensitive active ingredients. Modern methods: In recent years, the high and new technologies applied in the extraction and separation of traditional Chinese medicine include: supercritical fluid extraction,
cbd crystallization equipment
, membrane separation technology, ultrafine grinding technology, flocculation separation technology of traditional Chinese medicine, semi-bionic extraction, ultrasonic extraction, cyclone extraction, pressurized countercurrent extraction, enzyme method,
hemp extraction centrifuge
, macroporous resin adsorption method, ultrafiltration method, molecular distillation method, etc. Supercritical fluid extraction: Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a method of extracting and separating the medicinal components of Chinese medicinal materials from liquid or solid by using supercritical fluid as extractant. The technology was introduced into China in the 1980s. The principle is that a supercritical fluid is used to extract the effective components from the target substance at a temperature and pressure higher than the critical temperature, and when the temperature is restored to normal pressure and normal temperature, the components dissolved in the fluid are immediately separated from the gaseous fluid in a liquid state dissolved in the absorption liquid. The extraction process is generally divided into four stages: fluid compression, extraction, decompression and separation. Membrane extraction and separation technology: Membrane separation technology is a separation technology developed in recent decades. Its basic principle of separation is to use the molecular weight difference of chemical components to achieve the purpose of separation. In the application of traditional Chinese medicine, it mainly filters out bacteria, particles, macromolecular impurities (colloid, tannin, protein, polysaccharide) or decolorization. Compared with the traditional alcohol flow process,
rotovap distillation
,
winterization filtration
, the process omits a plurality of processes in the alcohol precipitation process, achieves the purpose of impurity removal, still maintains the decoction and compound compatibility of the traditional Chinese medicine, and has the characteristics of easy paste drying, low hygroscopicity, less added excipient, large amount of ethanol and corresponding recovery equipment saving, production period shortening, process and personnel reduction, heat energy saving, and the like. Ultrafine grinding technology: According to the depth of grinding processing technology and the change of physical and chemical properties and application performance of powder materials, fine powder and fine powder are generally divided into 10-1000 μm (fine powder). 0.1 — 10 μm (ultrafine powder) and 0.001 — 0.1 μm fine powder are generally processed by traditional crushing or grinding equipment and corresponding classification equipment, which is called grinding technology. At present, ultrafine powder less than 0.1 μm is difficult to be processed completely by mechanical crushing method, and other physical, chemical and other methods are needed for processing; Generally, the processing of 0.1-10μ ultrafine powder and the corresponding classification technology are called ultrafine grinding. Ultrafine comminution technology is to use ultrasonic comminution and ultra-low temperature comminution technology to make the central particle size of crude drug below 5 ~ 10 μm, and the cell wall breaking rate reaches 95%.
The application of the new technology is not only suitable for various medicinal materials with different textures, but also can directly expose the active ingredients in the medicinal materials, so that the dissolution and the effect of the medicinal materials are more rapid and complete. The dissolution rate of effective components of Chinese medicine is related to the degree of comminution. The results showed that the order of the content of dissoluble matter and total saponins of Panax notoginseng in 45 min was micropowder > fine powder > coarse powder > granule. The research and development of ultrafine pulverization of traditional Chinese medicine has just started, and it is often used in the pulverization of some traditional precious traditional Chinese medicines with unique functions, such as American ginseng, pearl and so on. After micronization, the utilization rate of the nourishing and health care traditional Chinese medicines can be greatly improved. Flocculation and separation technology of traditional Chinese medicine: The flocculation and separation technology of traditional Chinese medicine is to add flocculant into the water extract of the traditional Chinese medicine. Through the adsorption, bridging and flocculation of the flocculant, as well as the coagulation of inorganic salt electrolyte particles and surface charges, many unstable particles such as protein, manganese liquid, gum, saddle, etc. Are connected to form flocs for sedimentation, and then filtered to achieve the purpose of separation and purification. By use that flocculant, effective components can be retain to a greater extent, and the flocculant is safe, nontoxic and simple and convenient to operate. Flocculants include tannic acid, gelatin, egg white, 101 juice clarifier, ZTC clarifier, chitosan and so on, but chitosan clarifier is the most widely used. The modern method for extracting the traditional Chinese medicine has the advantages of high purity of the traditional Chinese medicine extract, simple operation, energy conservation, high extraction efficiency, short production period,
nutsche filter dryer
, easy discovery of new active ingredients in natural plants, little loss of volatile components or destruction of physiological active substances, no solvent residue and high product quality. Return to Sohu to see more Responsible Editor:.
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